Abstract
The article, based on the material of world religions and new religious movements, examines the forms of representation of male and female corporeality. Gender, in turn, fixes the body and sex in a social framework and determines the initial parity of male and female, the hierarchical position of which is established not by the body itself in which a person was born, but by the actions of this body, or rather its owner. From the illustration of the Fall of Adam and Eve, which predetermined corporeality by reducing the body to desiring/sinful flesh, we observe a strict normalization of bodily practices in religious contexts. However, contemporarily offers us various cases that seem to violate established norms. In the article we turn to cases of the Hare Krishnas and Raelites, who in the realities of the 21st century practice parity of bodily principles. The masculine and feminine of given roles and statuses turn into one of many factors that can fix the Self. Or, conversely, they still remain a predetermined role in some contexts.
References
«Ne vziraet Bog na tvoe vneshnee» (zhenshchina v buddizme) [“God does not look at your external appearance” (woman in Buddhism)]. (2024). Tsentr integral'nogo razvi-tiya «RUNNA». http://www.d-vinci.ru/materials/articles_da_vinci/woman_in_buddhism2/ (In Russian).
Alyautdinov, Sh. (2024). Aurat. https://umma.ru/aurat (In Russian).
Aristotle. (2019). Metafizika [Metaphysics]. АSТ. (In Russian).
Aristotle. (2023). Fizika [Physics]. Azbuka. (In Russian).
Augustine. (2021). O Troitse [On the Trinity]. Ripol-Klassik. (In Russian).
Augustine. (2023). Ispoved' [Confession]. Azbuka. (In Russian).
Avetisyan, R. (2015). Genprokuratura proverit obshchestvo krishnaitov na narushenie prav detey [The Prosecutor General's Office will check the Hare Krishna community for violations of children's rights]. Izvestiya. https://iz.ru/news/590291 (In Russian).
Berzin, А. (2024). Fizicheskie tela budd i arkhatov [Physical bodies of Buddhas and Arhats]. Study buddhism by Berzin Archives. https://studybuddhism.com/ru/prodvinutyy-uroven/lamrim/pyat-sovokupnostey/fizicheskie-tela-budd-i-arhatov (In Russian).
Bodrova, А. А. (2010). Konstruirovanie gendera v kinotekste (na materiale amerikanskogo varianta angliyskogo yazyka) [Construction of gender in film text (based on the American version of English)] [PhD Dissertation]. Nizhny Novgorod. (In Russian).
Boselli, O., Denti, A., & Pullella, P. (2023). Italy’s transgender women thank pope for making them feel ‘more human’. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italys-transgender-women-thank-pope-making-them-feel-more-human-2023-11-19/
Butler, J. (2006). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
Butler, J. (2009). Undoing gender. Routledge.
Butler, J. (2011). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of ‘sex’. Routledge.
Butler, J. (2024). Who’s afraid of gender? (First edition). Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Chernykh, O. Yu. (2012). Semioticheskie sredstva konstruirovaniya gendera v pedagogicheskom diskurse [Semiotic means of constructing gender in pedagogical discourse]. [PhD thesis]. Moscow. (In Russian).
Chto mozhno schitat' zhenskoy i muzhskoy odezhdoy? [What can be considered women's and men's clothing?]. (2024). Pravoslavie.ru. https://pravoslavie.ru/6333.html (In Russian).
Deuteronomy, chapter 22, verse 5. (n.d.). https://azbyka.ru/biblia/?Deut.22:5 (In Russian).
Elbakyan, E. S. (2014). Religii Rossii. Slovar'-spravochnik [Religions of Russia. Dictionary]. Izdatel'stvo Jenciklopedija. (In Russian).
Faiola, A., & Pitrelli, S. (2024). How Pope Francis opened the Vatican to transgender sex workers. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/05/05/pope-francis-transgender-sex-workers/
First Epistle to the Corinthians 6:19-20. (2024). YouVersion. https://www.bible.com/ru/bible/167/1CO.6.19-20.%2525D0%2525A1%2525D0%252598%2525D0%25259D%2525D0%25259E%2525D0%252594 (In Russian).
Grekhi v islame [Sins in Islam]. (2024). Akademiya Medina. Islamskoe onlayn-obrazovanie. https://medinaschool.org/library/creed/grehi/grehi-v-islame (In Russian).
Gritsenko, Е. S. (2005). Yazyk kak sredstvo konstruirovaniya gendera [Language as a means of constructing gender]. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Nizhny Novgorod. (In Russian).
Guerrier V. (1893). Hus, Jan. In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 v.: V. IXA (pp.929-934). Tipografiya Aktsionernogo Obshchestva Brokgauz-Efron.
Han, B.-C. (2023). Agoniya erosa. Lyubov' i zhelanie v nartsissicheskom obshchestve [The Agony of Eros]. Led. (In Russian).
Kolesnikova, N. N. (2007). Gender v traditsionnoy russkoy kul'ture [Gender in traditional Russian culture]. [PhD thesis]. (In Russian). Stavropol.
Le Goff, J. (2022). Geroi i chudesa Srednikh vekov [Heroes and Marvels of the Middle Ages]. Tekst. (In Russian).
Leukhina, L. Е. (2013). Formirovanie i realizatsiya gendera v povsednevnosti chelovecheskogo bytiya [Formation and implementation of gender in everyday human existence]. [PhD thesis]. Moscow. (In Russian).
Maksimova, O. B. (2003). Sotsial'naya kommunikatsiya gendera (na primere reklamy) [Social communication of gender (using the example of advertising)]. [PhD Dissertation]. (In Russian).
Mark the Ascetic. (2024). Nravstvenno-podvizhnicheskie slova [Writings on the Spiritual Law]. Predanie.ru https://predanie.ru/book/67929-nravstvenno-podvizhnicheskie-slova/ (In Russian).
Mukhamedzhanov, I. (2024). Prorok Mukhammad ob osobennostyakh chelovecheskogo tela [Prophet Muhammad on the characteristics of the human body]. Islam today. https://islam-today.ru/blogi/ildar-muhamedzanov/prorok-muhammad-sly-allh-lyh-wslm-ob-osobennostah-celoveceskogo-tela/ (In Russian).
Murali, М. (2013). Eroticheskiy printsip v soznanii Krishny [The Erotic Principle in Krishna Consciousness]. Proza.ru. https://proza.ru/2013/08/15/611 (In Russian).
Odezhda i svyashchennye predmety v vedicheskoy kul'ture. [Clothing and sacred objects in Vedic culture]. (2024). Krishna.ru https://www.krishna.ru/encyclopedia/culture/etiquette/appearance/52821_clothing-and-sacred-objects-in-the-vedic-culture.php (In Russian).
Plato. (2022). Gosudarstvo [Republic]. АSТ. (In Russian).
Polev, А. V. (2020). Nauchnoe obosnovanie organizatsii i provedeniya gender-orientirovannykh profilakticheskikh geriatricheskikh meropriyatiy [Scientific rationale for organizing and conducting gender-oriented preventive geriatric activities]. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Belgorod. (In Russian).
Rael. (1980). Chuvstvennaya Meditatsiya [Sensual Meditation]. Koob.ru https://www.koob.ru/rael/chuvstvennaya_meditatciya (In Russian).
Ragozina, S. A. (2020). Islamic Biopolitics during Pandemics in Russia: Intertextuality of Religious, Medical and Political Discourses. Anthropology in Action, 27(3), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.3167/aia.2020.270317
Srimad-bhagavatam 3.31.32. (2024). Bhaktivedanta Vedabase. https://vedabase.io/ru/library/sb/3/31/32/ (In Russian).
Stebunova, Е. I. (2012). Fenomen Gendera (sotsial'no-filosofskiy analiz) [The phenomenon of Gender (socio-philosophical analysis)]. [PhD Dissertation]. Tyumen. (In Russian).
Tekueva, М. А. (2006). Gender kak sotsiokul'turnyy konstrukt adygskogo obshchestva [Gender as a sociocultural construct of Adyghe society]. [Doctor Thesis]. Makhachkala. (In Russian).
Telo [Body]. (2024). Azbuka very. https://azbyka.ru/telo (In Russian).
Terebilina, M. V. (2014). Problema gendera vo frantsuzskikh zhenskikh zhurnalakh [The problem of gender in French women's magazines]. [PhD thesis]. Moscow. (In Russian).
Tolkovanie Bytie 3 glava [Interpretation of Genesis 3]. (2024). Bibliya Onlayn «EKZEGET.RU». https://ekzeget.ru/bible/bytie/glava-3?verse=7:7-7/ (In Russian).
Ulanov, M. (2019). Buddhism in the Feminist Context: Historical Experience and Modern Discourse. Logos et Praxis, 2, 14–23. https://doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.2.2
Vedicheskie shkoly [Vedic schools] (2016). Krishna.Ru. https://www.krishna.ru/interesting/on-the-topic-of-the-day/51545_gurukula.php (In Russian).
Zadvorny, V. L. (2005). Joanna. In Catholic Encyclopedia (V. 2, p. 406). Izdatel'stvo Franciskancev. (In Russian).
Zueva, N. А. (2004). Gender v svete postmodernistskogo diskursa [Gender in the light of postmodern discourse]. [PhD Dissertation]. Voronezh. (In Russian).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.